Thinkage [updated]

"If you had asked me what causes drug addiction at the start, I would have looked at you as if you were an idiot, and said: 'Drugs. Duh.'  It's not difficult to grasp.  I thought I had seen it in my own life.  We can all explain it.  Imagine if you and I and the next twenty people to pass us on the street take a really potent drug for twenty days.  There are strong chemical hooks in these drugs, so if we stopped on day twenty-one, our bodies would need the chemical.  We would have a ferocious craving.  We would be addicted.  That's what addiction means. "One of the ways this theory was first established is through rat experiments -- ones that were injected into the American psyche in the 1980s, in a famous advert by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America.  You may remember it.  The experiment is simple.  Put a rat in a cage, alone, with two water bottles.  One is just water.  The other is water laced with heroin or cocaine.  Almost every time you run this experiment, the rat will become obsessed with the drugged water, and keep coming back for more and more, until it kills itself.

"The advert explains: 'Only one drug is so addictive, nine out of ten laboratory rats will use it.  And use it.  And use it.  Until dead.  It's called cocaine.  And it can do the same thing to you.'

"But in the 1970s, a professor of Psychology in Vancouver called Bruce Alexander noticed something odd about this experiment.  The rat is put in the cage all alone.  It has nothing to do but take the drugs.  What would happen, he wondered, if we tried this differently?  So Professor Alexander built Rat Park.  It is a lush cage where the rats would have colored balls and the best rat-food and tunnels to scamper down and plenty of friends: everything a rat about town could want.  What, Alexander wanted to know, will happen then?

"In Rat Park, all the rats obviously tried both water bottles, because they didn't know what was in them.  But what happened next was startling.

"The rats with good lives didn't like the drugged water.  They mostly shunned it, consuming less than a quarter of the drugs the isolated rats used.  None of them died.  While all the rats who were alone and unhappy became heavy users, none of the rats who had a happy environment did." -- Johann Hari, "The Likely Cause of Addiction Has Been Discovered, and It Is Not What You Think"